Miconia — hand-pull for seedlings and saplings

For individuals under 1.5m, hand-pulling is preferred. Cheap, no chemical, no resprout. Repeated visits required due to long-lived seed bank (10+ years).

1. Survey on 5–10m transect spacing. 2. Pull seedlings whole, grasping at base. Wet soil helps. 3. For saplings with taproot, use a weed wrench or bar. 4. Leave pulled material on site inverted (roots up) if no fruit present. 5. If fruit present, bag and pack out to prevent reinfestation. 6. Return visit at 3 months, 6 months, and annually for minimum 10 years.

Terrain is the primary hazard — many miconia sites are steep wet forest. Maintain two-person teams; communication protocol required.

Near 100% efficacy on pulled individuals. Seed bank longevity means efficacy at the site level depends entirely on return-visit discipline.