Koa haole — repeated cutting + grazing suppression

Leucaena leucocephala has a massive soil seed bank; single treatments fail. Sustained pressure through repeated cutting plus targeted grazing can achieve local suppression over 3–5 year timeline.

1. Fell all standing individuals. 2. Apply herbicide to cut stumps (triclopyr 25% in oil). 3. Introduce managed grazing (goats where appropriate) during peak resprouting. 4. Re-enter every 4–6 months to cut seedlings before reproductive maturity. 5. Continue until seed bank visibly depleted (typically 3–5 years).

Grazing management requires livestock plan and water. Coordinate with land manager on any livestock use.

Difficult without multi-year commitment. Seed bank is the bottleneck.